Key Functions & Commands

Section 1.12 Key Functions & Commands

The following functions, operators, and commands are introduced for the first time in this chapter and form the foundation for working in R.

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<- (base R) — Assigns values to objects for later use.
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c() (base R) — Combines multiple values into a single vector.
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: (base R) — Creates integer sequences (e.g., 1:10).
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[] (base R) — Indexes and subsets elements from vectors or data frames.
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$ (base R) — Accesses or creates columns within a data frame.
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sqrt() (base R) — Computes square roots.
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log() / log10() (base R) — Computes natural and base-10 logarithms.
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round() (base R) — Rounds numeric values to a specified number of digits.
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class() (base R) — Identifies the data type (class) of an object.
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length() (base R) — Returns the number of elements in a vector.
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factor() (base R) — Converts character data into categorical (factor) variables.
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levels() (base R) — Displays the levels associated with a factor.
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data.frame() (base R) — Combines vectors into a tabular data structure.
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head() / tail() (base R) — Displays the first or last rows of a dataset.
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str() (base R) — Displays the internal structure and data types of a dataset.
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summary() (base R) — Produces descriptive summaries of variables in a dataset.
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nrow() / ncol() (base R) — Returns the number of rows or columns in a dataset.
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colnames() (base R) — Displays or modifies column names of a data frame.
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read.csv() (base R) — Imports CSV files into R as data frames.
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getwd() / setwd() (base R) — Gets or sets the current working directory.
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install.packages() (base R) — Installs packages from CRAN.
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library() (base R) — Loads an installed package into the current R session.
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?function_name (base R) — Accesses built-in help documentation for a function.
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