Skip to main content

Section 4.2 Learning Objectives

By the end of this chapter, you will be able to:
  • Create simple data frames in R to represent grouped numeric data
  • Combine datasets by binding rows and joining tables using base R and tidyverse tools
  • Calculate and interpret group means using mean()
  • Visualize differences between two groups using appropriate plots (e.g., boxplots with jittered points)
  • Conduct and interpret an independent samples t-test using t.test()
  • Evaluate statistical significance using p-values and distinguish statistical significance from differences in averages