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Introduction to Statistical Thinking

Benjamin Yakir

Section A.1 Chapter 1: Introduction

Subsection A.1.1 Exercise 1.1

  1. According to the information in the question the polling was conducted among 500 registered voters. The 500 registered voters corresponds to the sample.
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  2. The percentage, among all registered voters of the given party, of those that prefer a male candidate is a parameter. This quantity is a characteristic of the population.
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  3. It is given that 42% of the sample prefer a female candidate. This quantity is a numerical characteristic of the data, of the sample. Hence, it is a statistic.
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  4. The voters in the state that are registered to the given party is the target population.
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Subsection A.1.2 Exercise 1.2

One may read the data into R and create a table using the code:
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n.cost <- c(4,2,1,1,0,2,1,2,4,2,5,3,1,5,1,5,1,2,1,1,3,4,2,4,3)
table(n.cost)

## n.cost
## 0 1 2 3 4 5 
## 1 8 6 3 4 3
For convenience, one may also create the bar plot of the data using the code:
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plot(table(n.cost))
  1. The number of days in which 5 costumers where waiting is 3, since the frequency of the value “5" in the data is 3. That can be seen from the table by noticing the number below value “5" is 3. It can also be seen from the bar plot by observing that the hight of the bar above the value “5" is equal to 3.
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  2. The number of waiting costumers that occurred the largest number of times is 1. The value “1” occurred 8 times, more than any other value. Notice that the bar above this value is the highest.
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  3. The value “0”, which occurred only once, occurred the least number of times.
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