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Section 7.7 Glossary
scatter plot
A visualization that shows the relationship between two variables by plotting one point for each observation in the dataset.
overplotted
A scatter plot is overplotted if many markers overlap, making it hard to distinguish areas of different density, which can misrepresent the relationship.
jitter
Random noise added to data points in a plot to make overlapping values more visible.
decile plot
A plot that divides data into deciles (ten groups) based on one variable, then summarizes another variable for each group.
decile
One of the groups created by sorting data and dividing it into ten roughly equal parts.
Pearson correlation coefficient
A statistic that measures the strength and sign (positive or negative) of the linear relationship between two variables.
standard score
A quantity that has been standardized so that it is expressed in standard deviations from the mean.
correlation matrix
A table showing the correlation coefficients for each pair of variables in a dataset.
rank correlation
A robust way to quantify the strength of a relationship by using the ranks of values instead of the actual values.
randomized controlled trial
An experiment where subjects are randomly assigned to groups that receive different treatments.
treatment group
In an experiment, the group that receives the intervention being tested.
control group
In an experiment, the group that does not receive the intervention, or receives a treatment whose effect is known.
natural experiment
An experiment that uses naturally occurring groups, which can sometimes mimic random assignment.
causal inference
Methods for identifying and quantifying cause-and-effect relationships.
